Although a large factor appeared at the first level that was consistent with Sleep et al.’s findings, meaningful differences were found across the structures’ lower levels.

The positively keyed structure resulted in a three-factor structure (Positive Self-Regard, Agreeableness, and Intimacy) while the negatively keyed structure resulted in a four-factor structure (Impulsivity, Disagreeableness, Intimacy Problems, and Fragile Self-Esteem).

After finding what appeared to be a method factor across both replications and in the original Sleep et al. study, we conducted exploratory (i.e., not preregistered) factor analyses using positively (49 items) and negatively (184 items) keyed items separately.

Further exploratory analyses were conducted replicating the Sleep et al. (2024) structure using an identical final item pool resulting in the same three lower-order factors of impairment (Negative Self-Regard, Disagreeableness, and Intimacy Problems).

The primary bass-ackward analyses identified three lower-order factors of impairment (Negative Self-Regard, Disagreeableness, and Intimacy Problems).

We replicated the Sleep et al. (2024) study to examine the structure of personality dysfunction in a sample of individuals (N = 457) currently in or seeking psychological/psychiatric treatment.

Examining the structure of personality dysfunction among individuals involved in mental health care: A registered report in press at Assessment! Thank you to the authorship team (@nphillips36.bsky.social, Chelsea Sleep, @drlynam.bsky.social, & @jdmiller.bsky.social)! doi.org/10.31234/osf...