Network Strategies of Secondary States in the Asia-Pacific: Evidence from Joint Military Exercises, 1970โ2024
How do secondary states in the Asia-Pacific enhance their security and strategic autonomy in a networked strategic environment? Conventional studies of balancing, bandwagoning, and hedging often adopt linear frameworks that position secondary states along a spectrum of alignmentโwhether with the United States, China, or somewhere in between. Yet such approaches overlook how secondary states manage networked interdependenceโconditions that both enable and constrain their security and autonomyโby abstracting them from the broader relational structures in which they are embedded. Drawing on the network power perspective, I argue that secondary states actively cultivate and manage security ties to improve their positional standing within regional cooperation networks to reduce vulnerability to coercion and expand relational leverage and access to information and resources. The study identifies 3 key network strategies: (1) vertical diversification with great powers, (2) horizontal diversification with peer secondary states, and (3) bridging disconnected or weakly connected states. Using a unique dataset of Asia-Pacific joint military exercises (JMEs) from 1970 to 2024, constructed for this study and analyzed through network analysis and descriptive statistics, the findings show that over the past 2 decades, U.S. allies and partnersโincluding those with maritime disputes with Chinaโhave expanded JMEs with Beijing while maintaining cooperation with Washington and regional peers. These patterns reveal that secondary states strive to move away from the network's periphery and a shift from a hub-and-spokes system to a more decentralized, networked regional security architecture characterized by reduced structural asymmetry.
For free download: openaccess.wgtn.ac.nz/articles/jou...
03.03.2026 23:15
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I also thank Cheng-Chwee Kuik, Jรผrgen Haacke, and James J. Wirtz for their valuable feedback.
28.02.2026 19:38
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๐๏ธLast but not least, in memory of Johan Galtung (1930-2024), Iโm grateful that this piece, which builds on his structural theory of dominance and liberation, has found a home at the Journal of Peace Research and Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) โ the journal and institute he founded.
28.02.2026 03:48
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๐I would also like to thank those who served as discussants at various workshops where this paper was presented: Steve E. Miller @himself.bsky.social, Brandon Kinne, Daryl Press, @tomlongphd.bsky.social, Stacie Goddard, @moritz-graefrath.com, and Rachel Metz.
28.02.2026 03:46
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๐This research, the construction of the dataset, would not have been possible without the generous funding & research support of StandTogether @aparc.stanford.edu @global-wm.bsky.social @usccis.bsky.social, the guidance of postdoc mentors Gi-Wook Shin @miketierneyir.bsky.social, and help of my RAs.
28.02.2026 03:42
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๐๐ป Iโm thankful to those who offered thoughtful feedback along the way โ especially my PhD advisor @daveckang.bsky.social; US-Asia Predoc mentors, John S. Park and Jonathan Markowitz; my dissertation committee members, Thomas Valente and Patrick James; and my M.A. advisor @victordcha.bsky.social.
28.02.2026 03:38
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๐ฉ๐ปโ๐ปAt a time when middle & small powers are increasingly seeking to enhance their agency through network power, Iโm pleased to share this work, which began as my PhD dissertation in 2016. Very grateful to @jpeaceresearch.bsky.social @oxfordunipress.bsky.social for making it Open Access!
28.02.2026 03:36
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๐Key finding: Using network analysis and descriptive statistics, I show that over the past two decades, U.S. allies โ including those with maritime disputes with rising China โ have expanded exercises with Beijing while maintaining cooperation with Washington and regional peers.
28.02.2026 03:33
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๐ฃI argue that secondary states pursue 3 network strategies to mitigate vulnerability to great-power coercion and to enhance relational leverage and access to information and resources: 1) Vertical diversification with great powers; 2) Horizontal diversification with peers, and 3) Bridging.
28.02.2026 03:32
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Network strategies of secondary states in the Asia-Pacific: evidence from joint military exercises, 1970โ2024
Abstract. How do secondary states in the Asia-Pacific enhance their security and strategic autonomy in a networked strategic environment? Conventional stud
๐ฃHow do secondary states in the Asia-Pacific enhance security and strategic autonomy in a networked strategic environment? Check out my new article @jpeaceresearch.bsky.social that answers this using a dataset of joint military exercises of Asia-Pacific (1970โ2024). academic.oup.com/jpr/article/...
28.02.2026 03:31
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โThe Strong Do What They Can, the Weak Suffer What They Mustโ โ Belgiumโs Stark Warning at the UN
YouTube video by EU Debates | eudebates.tv
๐ง๐ชBelgian PM Bart De Wever, at the United Nations General Assembly, January 2026: youtube.com/shorts/c8z63...
16.02.2026 01:03
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Consistent message from Davos to the UN to Munich: middle/small powers are rejecting Thucydidean fatalism. The weak will not simply โsuffer what they mustโ while โthe strong do what they can." Will cooperate, diversify, & build networks rather than rely solely on a great power.
16.02.2026 00:58
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Insightful conversation with @curiouskyuri.bsky.social on her book manuscript that we workshopped this year at @global-wm.bsky.social. Thanks for this Kyuri.
26.07.2025 18:26
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Thanks, Ed! Yes, Iโm looking forward to visiting โ and to reconnecting with colleagues and friends in Australia, since Iโll be nearby!
12.07.2025 02:43
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Thank you for taking a moment to celebrate this milestone in my academic journey! Iโm a happy APARCer - looking forward to sharing my research and achievements ahead๐ค
09.07.2025 16:51
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๊ฐ์ฌํฉ๋๋ค, ๊ต์๋! Thank you for your unwavering support, guidance, and trust over nearly a decade of this journey together. Iโm excited about our continued collaboration ๐ฅณ๐๐
09.07.2025 16:46
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Thank you :)
09.07.2025 14:50
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Iโd also like to express my deep gratitude to everyone who has helped me grow as a scholar and a person โ especially my mentors, colleagues, students, and friends at Georgetown University, @usc.edu, @aparc.stanford.edu, and @global-wm.bsky.social. I look forward to continuing to learn from you allโบ๏ธ
09.07.2025 14:50
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As I begin preparing for the next chapter of my academic journey in New Zealand โ back in the Asia-Pacific region๐, after 11 incredible years in the US ๐บ๐ธ โ Iโm thankful to my colleagues at @vicuniwgtn.bsky.social for the warm welcome and support. Looking forward to building the community together! ๐๐ป
09.07.2025 14:49
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Iโm thrilled to share that I will be joining Victoria University of Wellington๐ณ๐ฟ as a Lecturer in International Relations & International Security (equivalent to an Assistant Professor, tenure) at the School of History, Philosophy, Political Science & IR, starting February 2026!
09.07.2025 14:48
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Thanks for sharing my recent public engagement work, including the op-ed and podcast. Iโm grateful for the continued support ๐
02.07.2025 17:01
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Security Dilemma: East Asia: Balancing or Bandwagoning? with Kyuri Park
YouTube video by John Quincy Adams Society
You can check this out on multiple platforms using the link below:
๐ Youtube: www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQr8...
๐ Spotify: open.spotify.com/episode/0b6V...
๐ Apple Podcast: podcasts.apple.com/kr/podcast/e...
๐ iHeartRadio: www.iheart.com/podcast/269-...
01.07.2025 18:18
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Big thanks to A.J. Manuzzi at the John Quincy Adams Society (JQAS) and Michelle Anne Newby at Defense Priorities for the great conversation!
01.07.2025 18:18
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South Korea Will Not Choose Between the US and China
South Korea under President Lee Jae-myung is returning to pragmatic diplomacy, maintaining its US alliance while rejecting confrontation with China, reflecting public sentiment and prioritizing peace,...
In the later half, we also discussed the future of the U.S.-South Korea alliance in the wake of the election of new President Lee Jae-myung and whether nuclear diplomacy with North Korea is viable! Here, Iโve expanded on a few key points from my National Interest piece with @daveckang.bsky.social
01.07.2025 18:17
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Check out my podcast episode with Security Dilemma ๐๏ธhosted by JQAS! I talked about my book project on security cooperation in the Asia-Pacific amid USโChina rivalry, using joint military exercises to understand the strategic behavior of small/middle powers and its implications for US foreign policy๐
01.07.2025 18:13
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On South Korea's balancing act โย by @curiouskyuri.bsky.social, our 2022โ23 postdoctoral fellow, and @daveckang.bsky.social ๐
28.06.2025 18:33
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